[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/jornalcontabil-br.noticiasgoianas.com\/noticia\/entenda-os-reflexos-penais-dos-ataques-ciberneticos\/amp\/#newsarticle","url":"https:\/\/jornalcontabil-br.noticiasgoianas.com\/noticia\/entenda-os-reflexos-penais-dos-ataques-ciberneticos\/amp\/","headline":"Entenda os reflexos penais dos ataques cibern\u00e9ticos","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/jornalcontabil-br.noticiasgoianas.com\/noticia\/entenda-os-reflexos-penais-dos-ataques-ciberneticos\/","datePublished":"2022-11-01T14:54:09-03:00","dateModified":"2025-03-31T21:53:45-03:00","description":"O expressivo aumento dos \u00edndices de ataques cibern\u00e9ticos acompanha o crescimento do n\u00famero de participantes do mundo virtual","articleSection":"News Yahoo","articleBody":"A nossa atual sociedade da informa\u00e7\u00e3o, na qual dados digitais chegam a sobrepor os meios de produ\u00e7\u00e3o, as rela\u00e7\u00f5es interpessoais e empresariais s\u00e3o facilitadas pelo o ir \u00e0 internet. No entanto, a mesma trivializa\u00e7\u00e3o da programa\u00e7\u00e3o de dados que abriu as portas do mundo virtual visando a facilitar a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de neg\u00f3cios tamb\u00e9m criou um mundo cibercriminoso extremamente complexo. O expressivo aumento dos \u00edndices de ataques cibern\u00e9ticos acompanha o crescimento do n\u00famero de participantes dos mundos virtuais e das inova\u00e7\u00f5es tecnol\u00f3gicas. Mundos virtuais esses que provocam e sofrem efeitos do mundo real, como, por exemplo, do seu ordenamento jur\u00eddico. Exemplo de novas modalidades criminosas \u00e9 o ransonware, um tipo de ataque cibern\u00e9tico atrav\u00e9s do qual criminosos, por meio de v\u00edrus, sequestram e bloqueiam dados de empresas e \u00f3rg\u00e3os p\u00fablicos e exigem altos valores como resgate. JBS, Fleyry, Natura e Honda s\u00e3o exemplos de empresas que sofreram esses ataques e tiveram suas opera\u00e7\u00f5es parcialmente interrompidas. Em agosto, um ataque cibern\u00e9tico fez com que os sistemas da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro ficassem inoperantes por v\u00e1rios dias. Dados do relat\u00f3rio semestral da Checkpoint Research mostram que a m\u00e9dia de ataques cibern\u00e9ticos no segundo trimestre de 2022 no Brasil teve aumento de 46%, uma diferen\u00e7a de 14% da m\u00e9dia global, de 32%. Os dados revelam que o pa\u00eds tem em m\u00e9dia 1.540 incidentes de ciberseguran\u00e7a por semana. O n\u00famero \u00e9 bem superior \u00e0 m\u00e9dia global de 1.200 ataques. Um recente estudo da IBM revelou que o ransomware foi o ataque mais comum na Am\u00e9rica Latina em 2021. E alguns especialistas comparam essa atividade criminosa ao novo petr\u00f3leo devido \u00e0 alta lucratividade. Do ponto de vista penal, a invas\u00e3o de dispositivo e a difus\u00e3o de v\u00edrus inform\u00e1tico que propicie o bloqueio de dados j\u00e1 s\u00e3o tipificadas como crime pelo art. 154-A do C\u00f3digo Penal, com pena de reclus\u00e3o de um a quatro anos: \u201cArt. 154-A. Invadir dispositivo inform\u00e1tico de uso alheio, conectado ou n\u00e3o \u00e0 rede de computadores, com o fim de obter, adulterar ou destruir dados ou informa\u00e7\u00f5es sem autoriza\u00e7\u00e3o expressa ou t\u00e1cita do usu\u00e1rio do dispositivo ou de instalar vulnerabilidades para obter vantagem il\u00edcita: Pena \u2013 reclus\u00e3o, de 1 (um) a 4 (quatro) anos, e multa.\u201d J\u00e1 o fato de se exigir valores como resgate, ainda que tal quantia n\u00e3o seja paga, se adequa ao crime de extors\u00e3o, previsto no art. 158 do C\u00f3digo Penal, com pena mais grave, que varia de quatro a dez anos de reclus\u00e3o: \u201cArt. 158 - Constranger algu\u00e9m, mediante viol\u00eancia ou grave amea\u00e7a, e com o intuito de obter para si ou para outrem indevida vantagem econ\u00f4mica, a fazer, tolerar que se fa\u00e7a ou deixar de fazer alguma coisa: Pena - reclus\u00e3o, de quatro a dez anos, e multa.\u201d Como o C\u00f3digo Penal brasileiro, atrav\u00e9s de seu art. 6\u00ba, adota a teoria da ubiquidade para definir o lugar do delito, considerando-se praticado o crime no lugar em que ocorreu a a\u00e7\u00e3o, bem como onde se produziu o resultado, ainda que tais ataques tenham partido do exterior, a lei brasileira pode ser aplicada. Importante lembrar que o Brasil, desde dezembro de 2021, \u00e9 signat\u00e1rio da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o de Budapeste sobre o Crime Cibern\u00e9tico, que \u00e9 um tratado internacional que traz diversas medidas para acelerar a persecu\u00e7\u00e3o penal nesses tipos de crimes, inclusive a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de uma rede com funcionamento 24\/7 para assegurar a assist\u00eancia imediata \u00e0s investiga\u00e7\u00f5es tornando-as mais \u00e1geis. Em que pese, por\u00e9m, haver previs\u00e3o legal para a puni\u00e7\u00e3o desses tipos de crime e ferramentas de coopera\u00e7\u00e3o para o combate aos cibercrimes, \u00e9 certo que identificar a autoria \u00e9 tarefa \u00e1rdua e, \u00e0s vezes, at\u00e9 imposs\u00edvel, diante da alt\u00edssima especializa\u00e7\u00e3o dos desenvolvedores envolvidos, que det\u00eam as melhores t\u00e9cnicas de oculta\u00e7\u00e3o e anonimato nas redes. O fato de os Estados Unidos terem chegado a oferecer recompensa de US$15 milh\u00f5es por informa\u00e7\u00f5es que levassem \u00e0 identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e localiza\u00e7\u00e3o de membros do Conti, grupo russo de hackers especializado em ransonware, d\u00e1 a dimens\u00e3o do grau de complexidade da persecu\u00e7\u00e3o penal de fatos dessa natureza. Al\u00e9m disso, ainda que definidas autoria e materialidade, nosso sistema de justi\u00e7a penal e seus atores n\u00e3o est\u00e3o preparados para as especificidades que eventual dila\u00e7\u00e3o probat\u00f3ria desses delitos pressup\u00f5em. Isso porque esses crimes s\u00e3o executados e seus efeitos se protraem em territ\u00f3rios sujeitos a diversas jurisdi\u00e7\u00f5es, muitas vezes com discrep\u00e2ncias legislativas e entraves burocr\u00e1ticos, o que demanda uma dif\u00edcil coopera\u00e7\u00e3o entre autoridades e estados que n\u00e3o consegue alcan\u00e7ar a velocidade do desenvolvimento tecnol\u00f3gico. Todas essas circunst\u00e2ncias nos revelam, portanto, que a interven\u00e7\u00e3o estatal por meio do direito penal n\u00e3o \u00e9 a ferramenta mais adequada para sanar o problema da criminalidade cibern\u00e9tica. Nesse sentido, melhor do rediscutir legisla\u00e7\u00e3o penal e processual penal, buscando o agravamento de penas e a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de novos tipos penais, deve-se buscar tutelar a garantia da preven\u00e7\u00e3o. Por Caio Padilha, Advogado criminalista e professor universit\u00e1rio. Mestre e especialista em Direito e Processo Penal. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/pages.checkpoint.com\/cyber-attack-2022-trends.html Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/reports\/threat-intelligence\/ https:\/\/oglobo.globo.com\/mundo\/epoca\/eua-oferecem-recompensa-de-us-15-milhoes-por-informacoes-sobre-grupo-de-hackers-russos-1-25503203","keywords":["Ataques Cibern\u00e9ticos"," ataques cibern\u00e9ticos em empresas"," ataques cibern\u00e9ticos no Brasil"," ataques cibern\u00e9ticos x Ciberseguran\u00e7a"," aumento de ataques de ransonware"," como os ataques cibern\u00e9ticos impactam o codigo penal"," impactos dos ataques cibern\u00e9ticos no Brasil"," impactos penais dos ataques cibern\u00e9ticos"," LEI x ataques cibern\u00e9ticos"," leis sobre ataques cibern\u00e9ticos"," mudan\u00e7as na legisla\u00e7\u00e3o causadas por ataques cibern\u00e9ticos"," puni\u00e7\u00f5es para ataques cibern\u00e9ticos"," ransonware"," "],"name":"Entenda os reflexos penais dos ataques 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A nossa atual sociedade da informação, na qual dados digitais chegam a sobrepor os meios de produção, as relações interpessoais e empresariais são facilitadas pelo o ir à internet. No entanto, a mesma trivialização da programação de dados que abriu as portas do mundo virtual visando a facilitar a realização de negócios também criou um mundo cibercriminoso extremamente complexo.
O expressivo aumento dos índices de ataques cibernéticos acompanha o crescimento do número de participantes dos mundos virtuais e das inovações tecnológicas. Mundos virtuais esses que provocam e sofrem efeitos do mundo real, como, por exemplo, do seu ordenamento jurídico.
Exemplo de novas modalidades criminosas é o ransonware, um tipo de ataque cibernético através do qual criminosos, por meio de vírus, sequestram e bloqueiam dados de empresas e órgãos públicos e exigem altos valores como resgate.
JBS, Fleyry, Natura e Honda são exemplos de empresas que sofreram esses ataques e tiveram suas operações parcialmente interrompidas.
Em agosto, um ataque cibernético fez com que os sistemas da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro ficassem inoperantes por vários dias.
Dados do relatório semestral da Checkpoint Research mostram que a média de ataques cibernéticos no segundo trimestre de 2022 no Brasil teve aumento de 46%, uma diferença de 14% da média global, de 32%. Os dados revelam que o país tem em média 1.540 incidentes de cibersegurança por semana. O número é bem superior à média global de 1.200 ataques. [1]
Um recente estudo da IBM revelou que o ransomware foi o ataque mais comum na América Latina em 2021. E alguns especialistas comparam essa atividade criminosa ao novo petróleo devido à alta lucratividade. [2]
Do ponto de vista penal, a invasão de dispositivo e a difusão de vírus informático que propicie o bloqueio de dados já são tipificadas como crime pelo art. 154-A do Código Penal, com pena de reclusão de um a quatro anos:
“Art. 154-A. Invadir dispositivo informático de uso alheio, conectado ou não à rede de computadores, com o fim de obter, adulterar ou destruir dados ou informações sem autorização expressa ou tácita do usuário do dispositivo ou de instalar vulnerabilidades para obter vantagem ilícita:
Pena – reclusão, de 1 (um) a 4 (quatro) anos, e multa.”
Já o fato de se exigir valores como resgate, ainda que tal quantia não seja paga, se adequa ao crime de extorsão, previsto no art. 158 do Código Penal, com pena mais grave, que varia de quatro a dez anos de reclusão:
“Art. 158 – Constranger alguém, mediante violência ou grave ameaça, e com o intuito de obter para si ou para outrem indevida vantagem econômica, a fazer, tolerar que se faça ou deixar de fazer alguma coisa:
Pena – reclusão, de quatro a dez anos, e multa.”
Como o Código Penal brasileiro, através de seu art. 6º, adota a teoria da ubiquidade para definir o lugar do delito, considerando-se praticado o crime no lugar em que ocorreu a ação, bem como onde se produziu o resultado, ainda que tais ataques tenham partido do exterior, a lei brasileira pode ser aplicada.
Importante lembrar que o Brasil, desde dezembro de 2021, é signatário da Convenção de Budapeste sobre o Crime Cibernético, que é um tratado internacional que traz diversas medidas para acelerar a persecução penal nesses tipos de crimes, inclusive a criação de uma rede com funcionamento 24/7 para assegurar a assistência imediata às investigações tornando-as mais ágeis.
Em que pese, porém, haver previsão legal para a punição desses tipos de crime e ferramentas de cooperação para o combate aos cibercrimes, é certo que identificar a autoria é tarefa árdua e, às vezes, até impossível, diante da altíssima especialização dos desenvolvedores envolvidos, que detêm as melhores técnicas de ocultação e anonimato nas redes.
O fato de os Estados Unidos terem chegado a oferecer recompensa de US$15 milhões por informações que levassem à identificação e localização de membros do Conti, grupo russo de hackers especializado em ransonware, dá a dimensão do grau de complexidade da persecução penal de fatos dessa natureza. [3]
Além disso, ainda que definidas autoria e materialidade, nosso sistema de justiça penal e seus atores não estão preparados para as especificidades que eventual dilação probatória desses delitos pressupõem.
Isso porque esses crimes são executados e seus efeitos se protraem em territórios sujeitos a diversas jurisdições, muitas vezes com discrepâncias legislativas e entraves burocráticos, o que demanda uma difícil cooperação entre autoridades e estados que não consegue alcançar a velocidade do desenvolvimento tecnológico.
Todas essas circunstâncias nos revelam, portanto, que a intervenção estatal por meio do direito penal não é a ferramenta mais adequada para sanar o problema da criminalidade cibernética.
Nesse sentido, melhor do rediscutir legislação penal e processual penal, buscando o agravamento de penas e a criação de novos tipos penais, deve-se buscar tutelar a garantia da prevenção.
Por Caio Padilha, Advogado criminalista e professor universitário. Mestre e especialista em Direito e Processo Penal.
[1] Disponível em: https://pages.checkpoint.com/cyber-attack-2022-trends.html
[2] Disponível em: https://www.ibm.com/reports/threat-intelligence/
[3] https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/epoca/eua-oferecem-recompensa-de-us-15-milhoes-por-informacoes-sobre-grupo-de-hackers-russos-1-25503203
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